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Roman Numeral Converter
Convert numbers to Roman numerals and Roman numerals to numbers, from 1 to 3,999, with the working shown and non-standard spellings such as IIII corrected.
Roman Numeral Converter: Numbers are written in the standard modern form, place by place, with the subtractive pairs IV, IX, XL, XC, CD, and CM. A numeral is read by adding each symbol's value, or subtracting it when a larger one follows, so non-standard spellings still give their value, and the page names the standard spelling. Runs 100% locally in your browser with zero server file uploads.
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Numbers from 1 to 3,999, or numerals such as MCMXCIV.
MM (2000) + XX (20) + V (5) + I (1) = 2026
| I | V | X | L | C | D | M |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | 10 | 50 | 100 | 500 | 1000 |
The rules of the standard form
Symbols are written from largest to smallest and added: VI is 5 + 1. A smaller symbol before a larger one is subtracted, but only in six pairs: IV (4), IX (9), XL (40), XC (90), CD (400), and CM (900). No symbol repeats more than three times in a row, and V, L, and D never repeat. So 1994 is M + CM + XC + IV, written MCMXCIV, rather than MDCCCCLXXXXIIII.
Numerals that break these rules still turn up, on clock faces, old inscriptions, and the occasional film credit. The converter reads them by their value and shows the standard spelling next to them, so you can tell whether IC, for example, means what its writer intended: it reads as 99, which is written XCIX.
Where Roman numerals are used today
Years on buildings and in film and television credits, monarchs and popes (Elizabeth II), book chapters and front-matter page numbers, outline headings, clock faces, and events such as the Super Bowl. For page numbers and outlines, lower-case numerals (i, ii, iii, iv) are common and read exactly the same way.
How to use it
- Type a number, such as a year, or a Roman numeral.
- Read the conversion and how each symbol adds up.
- Copy the numeral or the number.
Privacy & limitations
Everything runs in your browser. Nothing you type is sent anywhere.
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Frequently asked questions
How do you write 2026 in Roman numerals?
MMXXVI: MM for 2000, XX for 20, and VI for 6. Years are the most common use of Roman numerals today, on buildings, film credits, and clock faces.
Why does the converter stop at 3,999?
The standard form uses M for a thousand and allows at most three of any symbol in a row, so MMMCMXCIX, 3,999, is the largest number it can write. Larger numbers were marked with a bar over the numeral to multiply it by a thousand, which has no standard plain-text form.
Is IIII or IV correct for 4?
IV is the standard form. IIII appears on many clock faces by tradition, and the Romans themselves used both, so the page reads IIII as 4 but gives IV as the standard spelling.
Is there a Roman numeral for zero?
No. The Roman system had no symbol for zero, so the converter starts at 1.
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